3.1 - The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by:

• A - asking questions and defining problems

  • ask questions that can be investigated and predict reasonable outcomes

  • ask questions about what would happen if a variable is changed

  • define a simple design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system

• B - planning and carrying out investigations

  • with guidance, plan and conduct investigations

  • use appropriate methods and/or tools for collecting data

  • estimate length, mass, volume, and temperature

  • measure length, mass, volume, and temperature in metric and U.S. Customary units using proper tools

  • measure elapsed time

  • use tools and/or materials to design and/or build a device that solves a specific problem

• C - interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data

  • organize and represent data in pictographs or bar graphs

  • read, interpret, and analyze data represented in pictographs and bar graphs

  • analyze data from tests of an object or tool to determine if it works as intended

• D - constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations

  • · use evidence (measurements, observations, patterns) to construct or support an explanation

  • generate and/or compare multiple solutions to a problem

  • describe how scientific ideas apply to design solutions

• E - developing and using models

  • use models to demonstrate simple phenomena and natural processes

  • develop a model (e.g., diagram or simple physical prototype) to illustrate a proposed object, tool, or process

• F - obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

  • read and comprehend reading-level appropriate texts and/or other reliable media

  • communicate scientific information, design ideas, and/or solutions with others

3.2 - The student will investigate and understand that the direction and size of force affects the motion of an object. Key ideas include:

• A - multiple forces may act on an object;

• B - the net force on an object determines how an object moves;

• C - simple machines increase or change the direction of a force; and

• D - simple and compound machines have many applications.

4.1 - The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by:

• A - asking questions and defining problems

  • identify scientific and non-scientific questions

  • develop hypotheses as cause-and-effect relations

  • define a simple design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system

• B - planning and carrying out investigations

  • identify variables when planning an investigation

  • collaboratively plan and conduct investigations

  • use tools and/or materials to design and/or build a device that solves a specific problem

  • take metric measurements using appropriate tools

  • measure elapsed time

• C - interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data

  • organize and represent data in bar graphs and line graphs

  • interpret and analyze data represented in bar graphs and line graphs

  • compare two different representations of the same data (e.g., a set of data displayed on a chart and a graph)

  • analyze data from tests of an object or tool to determine whether it works as intended

• D - constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations

  • use evidence (i.e., measurements, observations, patterns) to construct or support explanations and to make inferences

• E - developing and using models

  • develop and/or use models to explain natural phenomena

  • identify limitations of models

• F - obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

  • read and comprehend reading-level-appropriate texts and/or other reliable media

  • communicate scientific information, design ideas, and/or solutions with others

5.1 - The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by:

• A - asking questions and defining problems

  • ask testable questions based on observations and predict reasonable outcomes based on patterns

  • develop hypotheses as cause-and-effect relationship

  • define design problems that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system

• B - planning and carrying out investigations

  • collaboratively plan and conduct investigations to produce data

  • identify independent variable, dependent variables, and constants

  • determine data that should be collected to answer a testable question

  • take­ metric measurements using appropriate tools

  • use tools and/or materials to design and/or build a device that solves a specific problem

• C - interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data

  • represent and analyze data using tables and graphs

  • ·organize simple data sets to reveal patterns that suggest relationships

  • compare and contrast data collected by different groups and discuss similarities and differences in their findings

  • use data to evaluate and refine design solutions

• D - constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations

  • construct and/or support arguments with evidence, data, and/or a model

  • describe how scientific ideas apply to design solutions

  • generate and compare multiple solutions to problems based on how well they meet the criteria and constraints

• E - developing and using models

  • develop models using an analogy, example, or abstract representation to describe a scientific principle or design solution

  • identify limitations of models

• F - obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

  • read and comprehend reading-level-appropriate texts and/or other reliable media

  • communicate scientific information, design ideas, and/or solutions with others

5.3 - The student will investigate and understand that there is a relationship between force and energy of moving objects. Key ideas include:

• A - moving objects have kinetic energy;

• B - motion is described by an object’s direction and speed;

• C - changes in motion are related to net force and mass;

• D - when objects collide, the contact forces transfer energy and can change objects’ motion; and

• E - friction is a force that opposes motion.

6.1 - The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by:

• A - asking questions and defining problems

  • ask questions to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables

  • develop hypotheses and identify independent and dependent variables

  • offer simple solutions to design problems

• B - planning and carrying out investigations

  • independently and collaboratively plan and conduct observational and experimental investigations; identify variables, constants, and controls where appropriate, and include the safe use of chemicals and equipment

  • evaluate the accuracy of various methods for collecting data

  • take metric measurements using appropriate tools

  • use tools and materials to design and/or build a device to solve a specific problem

• C - interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data

  • organize data sets to reveal patterns that suggest relationships

  • construct, analyze, and interpret graphical displays of data

  • compare and contrast data collected by different groups and discuss similarities and differences in findings

  • use data to evaluate and refine design solutions

• D - constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations

  • construct explanations that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables

  • construct scientific explanations based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students’ own investigations)

  • generate and compare multiple solutions to problems based on how well they meet the criteria and constraints

• E - developing and using models

  • use scale models to represent and estimate distance

  • use, develop, and revise models to predict and explain phenomena

  • evaluate limitations of models

• F - obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

  • read scientific texts, including those adapted for classroom use, to obtain scientific and/or technical information

  • gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication

  • construct, use, and/or present an argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning